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Share the Fruits and Vegetables of Your Garden

Garden abundance offers an opportunity to share food with your community!

 

This is the time of year when home vegetable gardens reach their peak with summer produce ready for picking. Just walking around my neighborhood, I see that the tomatoes are turning color, a sure sign that the harvest season is upon us. Once summer vegetables begin maturing, they continue at a rapid pace, often too rapidly. Many home gardeners simply plant more than they can eat fresh, with much going to waste. It can be overwhelming. Of course, preserving food by canning or freezing is an option, but sharing one’s vegetable garden abundance is another alternative that has the added benefit of feeding the community.

Share Vegetables with Neighbors

Sharing tomatoes has become a neighborhood tradition in my community.

Prolific tomatoes, beans, zucchini, summer squash, and cucumbers are always welcomed by neighbors that don’t garden. In my neighborhood, sharing the fruits and vegetables of the summer season is a common practice, and it has proved to be a wonderful way for neighbors to connect. Once the tomato season starts, I do not think that anyone around us needs to buy a tomato from the store. And, it is fun to listen to neighbors conversing with each other about their favorite tomato.

If you are not sure who to give your veggies to in your neighborhood, try placing a vegetable sharing stand in front of your home. Once your community finds you have fresh veggies to share, they will check your stand regularly, and your vegetables will naturally reach the hands of appreciative takers.

Share Vegetables with Food Banks

Food banks are always willing to take extra fresh produce. (Image by Jessie Keith)

Fresh produce is expensive, which is why many communities offer other options for sharing garden abundance. For example, local food banks always need fresh produce. (Click here to find your closest local food bank.) Many other community service organizations also operate food-sharing services, which may be in closer proximity than a food bank. Local towns and cities often have drop-off places where fresh produce can be deposited, and some garden centers have specific days when they will accept produce.

There are even non-profit organizations geared towards helping home gardeners share their harvest with the hungry. Ample Harvest is a non-profit that helps home gardeners find local produce-sharing outlets, and Feeding America has a Produce Donation Portal that let’s produce donors connect with Feeding America network members.

If you are personally going to deliver to a food bank, it presents a wonderful teaching opportunity for young people. Children need to realize that not everyone has the benefit of having fresh fruits and vegetables in their diet every day. By taking vegetables from their garden and then delivering them to a food bank, children learn the benefits of both sharing and caring. Too often in our world today we are not really connected physically with others, especially those in need. Delivering produce to a food drop off center where people are present will provide a lasting impression.

Plant a Row for the Hungry

Gardeners can even start the season with the intention to share their produce with others! In 1955, The Association of Garden Communicators (GWA), began a program called Plant A Row for the Hungry (PAR). It encourages gardeners to plant an extra row of produce to donate to local food banks, soup kitchens, or other service organizations that might welcome fresh produce. Since its founding, the PAR campaign has donated over 20 million pounds of produce to those in need. There is no government subsidy, no red tape, just people helping people.

Gardening organizations and companies are also encouraged to get involved. Sun Gro Horticulture, the makers of Black Gold, have supported Plant a Row for the Hungry for years by providing donations of row markers, media, and

A happy tomato in the Sun Gro PAR vegetable garden.

other fundraising materials to other PAR gardens. The company has even maintained its own PAR garden at its headquarters in Agawam, MA for the past 17 years. In fact, in their best year they weighed in nearly 450 pounds of fresh produce, thanks to the high performance of Black Gold products! (Read the story of Sun Gro’s PAR garden here.)

With all of the resources that we have in this country, there is no excuse for a child, or anyone, to be deprived of an adequate meal with fresh food. One way to help is by sharing the wealth of your own home garden. Whether you give to your neighbors or to the larger community, you can make a difference in someone’s life by giving fresh, healthy produce.

Milkweed for Monarch Butterflies

Monarch on tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica).

Over the last several years, I have become more aware of growing plants in my garden that are friendly to birds, bees, and butterflies. Plants to attract butterflies, especially monarch butterflies, are especially of interest. At one time, monarch butterflies were often seen here in the Pacific Northwest, but not anymore. Dwindling habitat and food sources have resulted in their decline. Planting monarch food plants in our gardens may mean the difference between their survival or disappearance.

Monarch butterflies rely on milkweed (Asclepias spp.) flowers and foliage to complete their life cycle. Eggs are laid on milkweed foliage, a host plant for the emerging caterpillars. Chemicals in the milkweed foliage offer protection to the caterpillars, and mature monarch butterflies, making them taste toxic and terrible to would-be predators. Adult monarchs also feed on the nectar-rich flowers of these unique and beautiful plants.

Garden Milkweeds to Try

Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa). (Image by Jessie Keith)

There are many milkweeds for the garden. One of the prettiest is butterflyweed (Asclepias tuberosa), which has brilliant orange flowers that will light up any early summer garden. The pink swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) is also lovely, as is the white-flowered  ‘Ice Ballet’ swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata ‘Ice Ballet’), a popular garden form. The bold pink and cream flowers of showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), a native of Midwest and West are also wonderful. For something more delicate, try whorled milkweed (Asclepias vertcillata) a soft, white-flowered western species for sunny home gardens. (To learn more about great western milkweeds for the garden, visit the Xerces Society page about Milkweeds and Monarchs for the Western US.)

I recently was visiting with the plant buyer for a local garden center, and she told me that several years ago, there was very little demand of Asclepias. Now, plants are often sold out on the day they arrive. It’s a good sign that more gardeners are planting these important perennials.

My Garden Milkweeds

Pink swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)

In the hope of attracting Monarch butterflies to my garden, I planted several different milkweeds. (Other gardening friends have been successful, so I tried milkweeds they had success with.) Blooming in my garden now is pink swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata). The plants are taller than I had expected, about 4 feet high. No Monarch’s yet, however I am hopeful some will appear later in the season. Even if they do not, the flowers are quite attractive and seem to be a magnet for honeybees.

Tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is a tender species from the American tropics that has bright red and  yellow flowers. The tall plants are beloved by monarchs, and tend to self sow.

 

Other Butterfly Plants

A monarch on fall asters. (Image by Jessie Keith)

I always grow some pots of brilliantly colored Lantana camara in the summer, a favorite flower for butterflies. The tender perennial is not reliably winter hardy, but it blooms all summer. Other summer annuals and perennials that are good butterfly attractants include pentas, aster, coneflowers, ageratum, and verbena. Ceanothus, spiraea, and viburnum are popular shrubs with summer bloomers and attract butterflies.

Milkweed Care

My pink swamp milkweed is a hardy herbaceous perennial, and have it planted in a mixed flower bed. Since I wanted the plants to thrive, I used applied ample amounts of Black Gold Natural & Organic Potting Mix at the time of planting. The moisture-loving milkweed appreciates the organic matter as well as regular summer water. For winter protection, I will apply a mulch of Black Gold Garden Compost Blend around its base.

Keep it Chemical Free

Chemical sprays will harm or kill monarch adults and caterpillars.

If you are going to incorporate plants that attract butterflies and other pollinators into your garden, refrain from using any chemical sprays. If you have plants that you often spray, either stop spraying or keep these away from any flowers for pollinators. In addition to chemical sprays, granular insecticidal products should never be used around pollinator-attractant plants.

Make attracting butterflies a neighborhood garden project, and encourage neighbors to join together in an effort to help our monarch butterfly population. We can all take part, and I would encourage you to include children in the effort. Together, gardeners can make a positive change for butterflies.

Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) also attracts bees.

Connect through Curbside Community Gardening

This street-side strip went from sad lawn to a glorious garden, and it inspired a neighborhood.

Gardening is contagious!  I don’t mean that in a bad way, but in the way that it spreads from one person to another.  Whether in a residential neighborhood, a condominium with a patio, an apartment with a balcony, or a community garden, people delight in talking about their gardens.  There is something sort of magical about gardening and how it breaks down social barriers as there are no stigmas to gardening.  All of our unique differences are easily shared and celebrated when we share gardening.  We battle the same insects and diseases and share in the same delight of the first ripe tomato or the butterflies that visit our flowers.

Community Curbside Plantings

Another curbside planting in my community shows what gardeners can do with a little patch of lawn.

Several years ago a gardener in Portland, Oregon decided that he would landscape the hard-to-plant ‘hell strip’ in front of his house.  (The words ‘hell strip’  describe that area between the curb and the sidewalk which is often a hot, sad looking lawn that is a magnet for weeds.)  He decided that he would treat this area as he would a regular garden bed and selected plants that could withstand minimal water, would look good all year, and be low maintenance.  He also amended the garden’s poor soil with rich amendments (Black Gold Garden Compost Blend would be a perfect choice), filled the strip with great plants for the location, and waited for success. The result was beautiful!

When I mentioned earlier that gardening is contagious, what happened next was a perfect example.  Soon, the neighbor across the street wanted to do something similar.  Then the neighbor two doors down planted his curbside lawn strip, and so it went until almost every house on his block had created a garden in what was once just a ‘hell strip’.  Each strip was unique – some were in full sun, others in dense shade, and others contained large street trees with enormous roots – so each garden was different.  And, as the neighbors developed their own unique curbside gardens, they became better acquainted with people on their block that they did not know as well.

Converting curb strips into lush, colorful gardens also adds environmental value to urban communities. Bees, hummingbirds, and butterflies are attracted to floral wealth. This creates great learning opportunities for our children as well as shared beauty for our neighborhoods. Gardens with milkweeds may attract Monarch butterflies or red monarda may attract hummingbirds. What you plant will define the pollinators your gardens attract. (Click here to read our many pollinator gardening articles!)

Home Gardens for Better Community

Gardens can be planted right up to the sidewalk for neighborhood enjoyment and conversation.

While in my neighborhood we do not have sidewalks, that certainly does not stop people from strolling along the road, admiring the gardens of their neighbors.  I garden prolifically and always meet neighbors during garden work. Passersby stop, talk, and soon we are discussing which tomato is the best and how to keep the deer from eating the roses.  Sometimes it amazes me when I reflect on my neighborhood and all of the people that I know because of our connection to gardening. Gardening brings people together, allowing them to become better acquainted while becoming better, more knowledgeable gardeners.

We have one particular neighbor named Janet who has lived nearby since childhood, and she keeps a flower garden along the road.  She is constantly tending this area, and as a result, nearly everyone knows Janet. She talks to those that walk by and shares her information on why this plant is looking so good this year or why this plant is not looking so good.  In the summer, she shares her produce from her vegetable garden with passers-by.  Is my neighborhood different from others?  I don’t think so.

Share your love of gardening with your neighbors in large ways or small. The next time you go to a party, take a favorite plant division along with a bag of Black Gold Natural & Organic Potting Mix or Garden Compost Blend as a host/hostess gift.  It will be the talk of the party, and the recipient will be thrilled.

Generational Family Gardening with Kids

New, budding gardeners learn how to grow vegetables organically.

Gardening is best shared with multiple generations, especially for our youngest gardeners. Whether we gardeners have our own children, grandchildren, or children in the neighborhood, it is an easy role to fill.  Young Millennial families are embracing gardening, so the goal for older gardeners should be to share our garden knowledge to inspire young, budding plant lovers. When everyone gardens, young and old, everyone wins.

A home garden, whether it be a small potted garden or raised bed full of vegetables, is the most natural place for kids to first discover gardening! Let them pick the flowers, harvest tomatoes, or help water and weed. Something as simple as pulling a deep dandelion root can be a great learning experience. It’s all about being outdoors and instilling a love of the earth and all the great growing things it sustains.

Gardening at home is where it starts for most families, but there are other more formal ways for gardeners to share their knowledge with the next generation. States across the country have programs to get kids involved in gardening at an early age, beginning in elementary school and continuing through high school. Most programs like these were inspired by the ground-breaking Edible Schoolyard program in Berkley, California. These are great places to volunteer your time and expertise. (Click here to learn more about national youth gardening programs).

Farm to School

Families learn to plant strawberry containers (in Black Gold mix, of course!).

One such program in my state is through the Oregon Department of Education called Farm to School program. The goal of Farm to School is to establish school vegetable gardens, started and maintained by students from seed to harvest. Currently, 46% of in Oregon public schools participate in the program. It is an excellent way to get kids started in gardening while also giving them the benefit of extra outdoor physical activity. Students learn botany and horticulture, but also science, math, nutrition, and health. Volunteer gardeners are often invited to help support Farm to School gardening activities.

Local gardens and garden centers may also provide garden support to families. Locally in the Portland, Oregon metro area, a local chain of garden centers, Al’s Garden Center, has sponsored a Kid’s Club for over twenty years, with events specifically designed for kids. Classes may be about planting strawberries or “Growing an Edible Rainbow” of tomatoes, purple beans, cucumbers, and sweet corn. In addition to the actual planting, the teachers have a lesson plan to explain what it is they are planting and how it will

Kid’s Club Members at Al’s Garden Center have fun with planting projects.

grow.  (The Kid’s Club coordinator told me that many former Kids Club members, now adults with families and gardens of their own, have personally thanked her for everything they learned in the program!)

Public Gardens are also a great resource for gardening families and kids. Bellevue Botanic Garden in Seattle, Washington has great programs for kids, including popular “Kids in the Garden” sessions. (To discover a public garden near you, click here.)

Kids’ Gardening Tips

Through the years, I have visited classrooms to teach kids about gardening and taught my own grandchildren to garden.  Here are a few tips that I have learned along the way:

  1. Select a vegetable that kids like. (Veggie list for kids)
  2. Many young kids do not like big tomatoes, so I avoid them.
  3. Plant seeds that are large like peas, corn, or beans.  (Seed list for kids)
  4. Nasturtiums and sunflowers are great flowers for kids because their seeds are easy to handle and they germinate quickly.
Organic potting mix is the best choice for kids’ gardening projects.

For hands-on seed-planting lessons, I take a bag of organic Black Gold Natural & Organic Potting Soil and fill lots of small, sturdy pots for the kids. In my experience, they love to put their hands in the soil, and for some, it will be their first time!  They always enjoy planting time and watching their seeds sprout. I often take a nasturtium plant in bloom to show the kids what it will look like. Then I let them try a nasturtium leaf or stem, explaining that it will be spicy.  This is always a fun project.

It is good news that we are seeing more families gardening, and I believe it is largely fueled by the organic vegetable movement.  This movement has succeeded in making people more aware of the food they eat, where it comes from, and how it is grown.  It has been a huge incentive for parents to begin a vegetable garden, even if gardening was not part of their history.

For those with limited space, growing vegetables in a container on a deck or patio can easily be accomplished.  (Click here to learn how to grow vegetables in containers.) With grandparents and parents gardening, and the kids watching and learning, hopefully a new generation of gardeners is being born.

Sharing vegetable gardening basics with kids improves their knowledge of the cycle of life and improves their eating habits.

Top 10 Shade Garden Plants for the Pacific Northwest

It’s hard for me to list a top 10 list for any category of plants, but here I try. It is a stretch to come up with a definitive list because my favorites vary from season to season and sometimes from day to day.  When people ask me what my favorite plant is, my response is likely to begin with the comment “at this moment”, and then continue on with a name.  My garden palette of favorite plants has changed greatly over the years and I would expect it to continue to change.  If I was asked to do this list in mid-summer, it would probably be different than what it is now.

Either way, this list includes some plants that I believe do especially well in shady summer containers. Others are purely early-season ephemerals that disappear after making a grand show in spring. Some are wonderful shrubs and summer perennials that will make any shade garden shine.

With all the plants mentioned, I have learned that they grow best in conditioned soil that is rich in organic matter.  The Black Gold Earthworm Castings Blend helps provide natural fertilizer and microbial activity.  For containers, Black Gold Moisture Supreme Container Mix is ideal as it too has earthworm castings as well as coir for increased water-holding capacity, which can be very important in the summer.

Also, be aware of different types of shade conditions in your yard before planting a new plant. Perhaps there are tree roots that might rob the soil of precious moisture in the summer, in which case adding a layer of water-holding soil amendment might help.

#1 Hellebores

Double Painted Hellebore

These effortless perennials would have to be number one on my list, not only because they tolerate shade, but because they are among the first plants to bloom in late winter/early spring. They are also very easy to care for, their flowers come in a variety of colors, and their evergreen leaves look great all season long. There are many different named cultivars on the market. For me, the variety ‘Jacob’ is a very reliable early bloomer, and ‘Double Painted’ has extraordinary dark red and white color. They are true summer perennials that send up stems of lily-like lavender or white flowers are varying times in the season.

 

#2 Bleeding Heart

Gold Heart Bleeding Heart

Bleeding heart (Dicentra spectabilis) are elegant spring bloomers in their own right, but the golden-leaved ‘Gold Heart’ is my very favorite.  The stunning yellow foliage is outstanding and glows above the sweet, rose-pink, heart-shaped flowers that appear in mid-spring. This herbaceous perennial dies to the ground in the fall and then returns again in spring.

 

 

 

 

#3 Pacific Trillium

Pacific trillium (image by Wsiegmund)

The white-flowered Pacific trillium (Trillium ovatum) is a western native and a superb woodland plant.  The plant appears in early spring and flowers in late March.  The stem is topped with a whorl of three leaves and in the center is a stalk of usually white flowers.  By summer, the foliage will disappear until the next spring season. Trillium plants do not like to be disturbed so plant them an area where they can be left alone.

 

#4 May Apple

Spotty Dotty May Apple

Another great spring ephemeral that makes a big statement in the early shade garden, the May apple (Podophyllum peltatum) is grown for its unusual parasol-like leaves.  The foliage color varies depending on the cultivar, as leaves can be solid green or patterned with shades of brown.  The flowers are not readily visible as they appear under the large leaves.  The elegant hybrid Podophyllum ‘Spotty Dotty’ has particularly striking foliage of palest greenish yellow spotted with reddish brown.

 

#5 Elephant Ear

A tender shade plant for summer, elephant ear (Colocasia esculenta) grows well in summer warmth and likes some filtered sunlight.  It’s bold leaves look spectacular in large summer container.  The plants like a lot of moisture so water regularly for best looks and performance. There are many varieties with large leaves in bright green, yellowish, and dark purple shades. Try the cultivar ‘Black Magic’, which has deepest purple leaves that almost look black. In fall, harvest the bulbs and store them in a cool dry place over winter. Then plant them again the following spring.

#6 Caladium

Caladium candidum (Image by Jessie Keith)

Another beautiful shade plant with amazingly colorful foliage is Caladium. This tender summer plant is grown from tubers that are sold at garden centers in the spring.  Caladium are grown for their large arrow-shaped leaves which have patterns of green, white, pink and silver.  They are excellent plants for a shady location. If given regular moisture in summer, they will provide foliage color where many plants might struggle.

# 7 Hosta

Hosta ‘Paul’s Glory’ (Image by Jessie Keith)

No top 10 shade plant list would be complete without the ever-useful hosta. Hosta is a traditional shade-loving foliage plant that comes in a wide range of sizes and colors.  Ideal for creating patterns that weave throughout a flower bed, hostas are lush, diverse, and beautiful.  Standard hostas are green but cultivars are hugely diverse with foliage of grayish blue to yellow and variegated bicolors in every shade in between. Some are several feet in height and others may only reach a few inches. All grow best in rich, well-drained soil that offers some moisture on hot summer days.

# 8 Siberian Bugloss

Jack Frost Siberian Bugloss

Another great summer foliage plant for shade is Siberian bugloss (Brunnera macrophylla). Its pretty, heart-shaped leaves add texture to shaded spots and variegated varieties, such as the  ‘Jack Frost’, brighten shaded gardens.  The leaves of ‘Jack Frost’ are silver, with green veins and a green border. In spring it produces small, delicate stems of violet-blue flowers. Siberian bugloss likes the same growing conditions as hostas.

 

#9 Oakleaf Hydrangeas

Alice Oakleaf Hydrangea (Image by Jessie Keith)

Few shade-loving shrubs offer the bold good looks of hydrangeas and oakleaf hydrangeas (Hydrangea quercifolia) are offered in a wide variety of pleasing cultivars.  All are shade-loving plants even though many will tolerate a fair amount of sun with adequate moisture, a good reason to amend their soil with Black Gold Garden Compost Blend.  Check with your local garden center to discover on best varieties for your garden situation.

#10 Primroses

Primrose (Image by Jessie Keith)

For early season color, few flowers are as delightful and diverse as primroses (Primula spp.).  Primroses are often one of the first flowers that garden centers will sell in the spring.  All tend to flourish in shady gardens in our area,  and the low-growing perennials come in many different flower colors.

So there are ten current shade plants on my list, but that list is ever evolving and will probably change tomorrow.  Let is serve as a guide to gardeners wishing to plant reliable shade plants in their gardens. Another tip is to visiting your local garden center to get specific planting advice for your tastes and garden situation.

Amazing Rhododendrons and Azaleas

Rhododendron ‘Caractacus’ (Waterer Hybrid) has many magenta clusters, or trusses, of flowers in spring. (Image by Jessie Keith)

I cannot recall being in a Pacific Northwest garden that does not have rhododendrons and azaleas. Most gardens have many, and deservedly so. The hybrids can provide beautiful trusses of flowers throughout the spring and there are native species with smaller flowers but a very sweet fragrance. Our cool and moist climate is an ideal environment, and with a little extra care, they will thrive.

Rhododendron and Azalea Differences

Rhododendron 'Springtime' (Gable Hybrid) JaKMPM
Azalea Springtime’ is a pretty pink variety that will brighten any spring landscape. (Image by Jessie Keith)

While they can usually take full sun, my experience is that they seem to prefer some protection from the hot summer sun. Botanically, all azaleas are Rhododendron species, but there are several characteristics that distinguish these plants. 1. Rhododendrons usually have flowers in large clusters called “trusses”, and azaleas do not. 2. Rhododendron leaves tend to have scales, dots or dense hairs on their undersides while azaleas tend to have leaves with small hairs on the tops and bottoms. 3. Rhododendron flowers tend to have 10 or more floral stamens and azalea flowers tend to have 5. Plants can be both evergreen and deciduous (though more rhododendron are evergreen) and both like similar growing conditions.

R. Yaku Angel flowers
Rhododendron yakushimanum ‘Yaku Angel’ has extra pretty pink and white spring trusses. (Image by Mike Darcy)

As with many plants, there is a large diversity among rhododendrons and azaleas and some plants can tolerate more direct sun than others. When buying a plant, check the label as it should give a clue to the light requirement. Also, check the label for height as some plants can become small trees while others may stay as small shrubs. Bloom time is also variable and with a little research, one can have blooms from early spring, (February/March), and on through early summer. Peak bloom time for most plants would be May and the flower colors are as diverse as any group of plants that I can think of with shades of purple, white, yellow, orange, pink, and red. While most are solid colors, some can be bi-colored and others have speckles.

Rhododendron and Azalea Varieties

One of my favorite rhododendron varieties is Rhododendron yakushimanum ‘Yaku Angel’. It has wonderful white, felt-like new growth and soft brown hairs under the leaves called indumentum that feels like velvet to the touch. The flowers are light pink in bud and open to white. It is a beautiful shrub in the garden at any season, whether in bloom or not. The new rhododendron ‘Dark Lord’ is a very compact, burgundy-flowered variety that is also exceptionally beautiful and reliably cold hardy.

Rhododendron indumentum
The soft, coppery hair underneath the leaves of some rhododendron is called “indumentum”.

There are lots of great azaleas to choose from. One of the best for glowing spring color is the blazing orange-red-flowered ‘Fireball’. The popular azalea Bollywood™ is another much-sought variety that boasts cream and dark green variegated foliage in addition to bright red flowers. The classic azalea ‘Springtime’ is a more subdued cultivar with rich pink flowers that appear in mid spring.

Rhododendron and Azalea Culture

Both rhododendrons and azaleas like a soil that is slightly on the acid side, a 5-6 pH should be good. They need a constant supply of moisture, but good drainage is essential. Their roots should never be saturated.

In the natural environment, rhododendrons and azaleas often grow below tall trees. In these forested environments, the trees drop needles or leaves to create a natural organic layer. In a garden setting, these shrubs also appreciate good organic content in the soil. Black Gold Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss is ideal to use as a soil amendment at the time of planting. In my garden, I also like to add Black Gold Garden Compost Blend as a spring garden top dressing to help conserve moisture during the summer. Once rhododendron and azaleas plants are established in a garden, they are relatively easy to maintain

BG-GRDNCMPST-BLND_1cu-FRONTMost commonly, these shrubs set flower buds on the prior years’ wood. That means the buds for spring flowering plants form during the previous summer or fall. If you prune in late summer, you may be cutting off your flowers buds and not have any blooms in the spring. A good rule is to prune right after flowering.

In addition to their spectacular flowers, some evergreen rhododendrons have a material on the new leaves and undersides of the leaves, called indumentum. It is a wooly or hairy covering that is often a beautiful copper color and provides color all year.

Many cities in the Pacific Northwest have rhododendron gardens, which are ideal for visitors to learn how they perform in the garden and in the elements. Rhododendron gardens can also give gardeners ideas on companion plants that look and perform well with these shrubs. I would suggest visiting one of these rhododendron gardens as it may open your eyes to many rhodies you did not even know existed!

Rhododendron 'David Gable' (Gable Hybrid) JaKMPM
Rhododendron naturally live in forests under trees. (Image by Jessie Keith)

Growing Hardy Carnivorous Plants

 

This fanciful pot of pitcher plants shows the fun you can have with carnivorous plants!

When I was in high school, I bought a Venus fly trap (Dionaea muscipulabecause carnivorous plants always intrigued me.  It survived a mere few weeks and died.  Then when I was in college, I tried again with the same results.  Perhaps it was living in hot, dry southern Arizona that did the last plant in, but it was my last attempt to grow Venus fly trap for several years.

Upon moving to Oregon in the late ’60s, I began gardening in earnest with my focus primarily on a huge diversity of perennials and shrubs.  It was as though I could not stop buying plants, and with every trip to a garden center, I came home with new ones.  But there were no carnivorous plants in the mix. Not yet.

Then on a visit to Southern Oregon and a stop at Darlingtonia State Natural Site, my interest in carnivorous plants was renewed.  Here were cobra lilies, (Darlingtonia californica) growing in the wild.  It was more delightful than I could have imagined.

Carnivorous Plants for the Garden

Craig, Pitcher Plant, Man
Cobra lily pitchers are unique and look like scary monsters when figurines are included.

As my gardening intensified, I began to visit other local gardens and one in particular had beds of carnivorous plants. I will never forget it. There were cobra lilies, pitcher plants (Sarracenia spp.) and Venus fly traps, all growing out in the open with no protection from the elements.  And, they were beautiful plants in an array of colors.

I was particularly taken with the colors of the pitcher plants with their pitchers in shades of red, chartreuse, maroon, brown and many had intricate veining colors.  I knew then that I had to have some of these in my garden! Since that time, I have cultivated several containers of these marvelous plants and find them surprisingly easy to grow.

 

 

Carnivorous Plant Cultivation

IMG_1517
A beautiful pot of Sarracenia!

Hardy carnivorous plants naturally grow in bogs and other wetlands where soil-nutrient resources are scarce. That’s why they resort to catching insects to get their “vitamins”. So, it should come as no surprise that certain growing conditions must be met to have success growing these plants. Thankfully, these conditions are not difficult to achieve.

Here are some tips from a Sarracenia gardener, which I have implemented with good success.  (This method is also suitable for growing all manner of hardy carnivorous plants.) Select a location in the sun and dig a pit about 18-inches deep and as wide as you want the bed.  Then cover the pit with a pond liner and make small slits in the bottom of the liner to allow slow drainage.  Sarracenias like soil to be consistently moist but not saturated.  Then add a mixture of 3:1 ratio of Black Gold® Peat Moss to pumice. This has proved to be an ideal mix for plants planted both in the ground and slow-draining containers.

A note of caution: do not use a potting mix with fertilizer. These plants do not need or like mix with added fertilizer. They get their nutrients from the insects they capture.  In the case of Sarracenia, insects are attracted to a combination of scent and “drugged” edible deposits along with the pitchers that make them fall inside where they are unable to escape due to the presence of slippery hairs that push them downward. Once they fall to the bottom of the pitchers, they drown in secretions and are absorbed by the plant.

Fun to Grow!

Venus fly traps can be challenging to grow for the uneducated gardener.
Venus fly traps can be challenging to grow without the cultivation basics.

Carnivorous plants are a superb way to get children involved in horticulture.  I have learned that my grandchildren delight in showing visitors the trapped insects in the pitchers of Sarracenia or the jaws of a Venus flytrap.

Each year I seem to expand my Sarracenia and Darlingtonia collection by adding new cultivars with different colors.  My plants thrive in a large container, in full sun and are left outside in the winter with no damage.  In the last few years, I have noticed more gardeners using carnivorous plants, and their availability at local garden centers has steadily increased.  Try some Sarracenia in your garden containers this year, you might be pleasantly surprised.

 

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The ornamental pitchers of the purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) are as pretty as its flowers. (image by Oliver Pouzin)

Blooms in the Ice: The Joy of Late Winter Bulbs

Snowdrops break through the ice of a forest floor in February.

Here in the Pacific Northwest, this past November and early December were very warm and mild.  My tropical red-leaf bananas did not die until a hard freeze shortly before Christmas (almost unheard of), and many gardeners had summer- and fall-blooming plants still in flower.  Neighbors showed me their 3-4 inch spring daffodils that had emerged and asked if they were going to bloom for New Years! Their hopes were squelched in mid-December a sudden blast of ice, snow, and bitterly cold weather arrived. But, there are other winter-blooming bulbs that can withstand the cold and reliably bloom in snowy months.

Bulbs that perform well at this time of year are often overlooked and rarely planted. This is likely because people are generally not visiting other gardens in winter, so they do not have the opportunity to discover the beauty and diversity of winter bulbs.

Hardy Cyclamen

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Cyclamen coum brighten a Seattle garden landscape in mid-February. (Image by Jessie Keith)

While not actually bulbs, the tuberous Cyclamen coum is a superb garden plant for Pacific Northwest winters. The shade-lover forms mats of attractive, heart-shaped foliage and produces many colorful flowers in shades of deepest magenta and white, that bloom in mid to late winter. Even when not in bloom, the leaves have variable colors and patterns that range from green to silver with wonderful variations in patterns of these two colors. The winter-hardy plant (USDA Hardiness Zones 7-9) survives in most areas west of the Cascades and provides a long season of bloom.  (Please note that these hardy Cyclamen species are not the tender hybrid plants that you would find in a florist shop.)

Usually, garden centers will carry two hardy cyclamen (C. coum and C. hederifolium).  The difference is that C. hederifolium tends to bloom in late summer and well into the fall season, with plants still showing some color in November in my neighborhood. In my garden, I grow both species and find them very easy to cultivate. Both have become naturalized under my trees, in much the same way hellebores spread.  I have found that hardy Cyclamen perform best in a soil that is rich in humus or compost, and I add Black Gold Garden Compost when planting.  Especially when planting Cyclamen under and around established trees. The compost helps to keep the soil from totally drying out in a hot summer.

Winter Aconite

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The golden flowers of winter aconite are bright and attractive to bees that venture out on warm winter days. (Image by Jessie Keith)

Another winter-flowering tuber not often seen in gardens is winter aconite (Eranthis hyemalis).  It is in the Ranunculus family and has single yellow flowers that look like buttercups.  Plant the small tubers in the fall in soil that has been enriched with Black Gold Garden Compost. Once established, these plants will naturally spread and become reliable winter bloomers.  Winter Aconite will also naturalize under trees if left undisturbed.

Snowdrops

Snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis) are some of the best-known of the winter bulbs. The very hardy true bulbs bloom as early as January and produce delicate, pendulous blooms of white dotted with green. These attract bees on warm winter days. The extremely cold-tolerant flowers are often seen peeking up from light snows,  lending unique beauty to the winter garden. Over time they will also naturalize.

Early Crocus

The delicate woodland crocus blooms very early in the season. (Image by Jessie Keith)

The woodland crocus (Crocus tommasinianus) is one of the earliest crocus to bloom, often appearing in February gardens. The delicate pale purple-pink flowers create blankets of color in wooded landscapes and lawns. Once the flowers are past blooming, they will disappear until the next season.

Since the foliage of hardy cyclamen, winter aconite, snowdrops, and similar winter bloomers disappear in the summer, I would suggest adding companion plants with extended interest that grow in similar conditions.  Evergreen hellebores make nice complimentary plantings. Not only do they bloom in winter, but the evergreen plants offer interesting foliage all year long.

At this time of the year, the weather can be cold and not exactly “garden friendly”, but there is still lots to see at nearby botanical gardens. A visit to your local public garden might enrich your plant palette with some unexpected winter-blooming treasures.

Happy New Year to you all, and may your gardens flourish and provide you much pleasure.

“So what’s the point?  The point is to relax and enjoy gardening, remembering that nature is always in charge.”  –Tony Avent, Plant Delights Nursery

 

Winter Garden Plants for Holiday Cheer

bodnantense Helleborus ‘Cotton Candy’ (Image thanks to Terra Nova Nurseries)

In years past, Pacific Northwest gardeners have put their gardens to bed at the end of summer. This is changing. I see a greater trend towards maintaining garden color using ever-beautiful perennials and woody plants. This trend was reinforced while visiting a gardening friend last fall. He said that his garden looked too barren after he had removed all his summer annuals and cut back his herbaceous perennials. So, he sought to fix the problem. He embarked on a quest to learn how other gardeners achieved year-round color and was delighted to discover a vast selection of winter garden plants.

 

Unusual Winter Berries

Callicarpa 'Beautyberry'
Callicarpa bodinieri ‘Profusion’

With the holidays approaching, it is especially nice to learn about plants that provide natural holiday color. Probably one of the best-known plants for fall and winter color is Bodinier’s beautyberry (Callicarpa bodinieri ‘Profusion’, zones 6-8). This hardy, deciduous shrub is an impressive, easy-care shrub for home gardeners. Sometime in late autumn, the leaves turn orange to yellow, and once they fall, the branches show off clusters of beautiful purple berries. In my own garden, I cut the berried branches to bring indoors for decoration. This also allows me to do some winter pruning.

 

Winter-Flowering Shrubs

Viburnum x bodnantense 'Dawn'
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’

Another wonderful shrub for the holidays is the deciduous, winter-blooming Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’ (zones 5-7). In early winter the buds on the stems emerge with pink, fragrant flowers. The stems can be cut before the flowers open and brought indoors where they will open and provide bloom and fragrance for several weeks. Another highly fragrant bloomer that breaks bud in January is wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox, zones 6-9). This Chinese native offers pale-yellow and maroon flowers that appear on bare branches. The red-flowering Yuletide camellia (Camellia sasanqua ‘Yuletide’, zones 7-10) is another very cheerful bloomer that often produces colorful flowers from fall through winter.

 

Elegant Evergreens

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula'
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ‘Pendula’

We should not neglect dwarf, or very slow growing, conifers. These are ideal plants for small landscapes, garden borders, or outdoor containers. A favorite of mine is Abies koreana ‘Horstmann’s Silberlocke’ (zones 5-7), which draws comments from visitors no matter what the time of year. This beautiful fir has needles that curve slightly around the stem and reveal blue tops and silver-white undersides. Another is Pinus parviflora ‘Goldilocks’ (zones 5-8) with the needles taking on a golden hew which provides a pop of color year round.

Larger evergreens can also add real grace to winter landscapes. Of these, the weeping Alaskan cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ‘Pendula’, zones 4 to 7) is especially beautiful with its elegant weeping branches. This tree can reach 35 feet or more, so be sure to give it lots of space.

Dwarf conifers can easily be grown in containers using Black Gold Natural & Organic Potting Mix. They are also perfect for a border garden. When planting in-ground plants, I recommend amending the soil with Black Gold Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss, which is best suited to plants that prefer slightly acid soils, such as conifers.

Colorful Hellebores

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Helleborus × hybridus ‘Cotton Candy’ (Image thanks to Terra Nova Nursery)

I would be remiss without mentioning hellebores (Helleborus spp., zones 5-8). These hardy, evergreen perennials are often seen in older gardens, but 10-15 years ago they had a resurgence in popularity. They are ideally suited to Northwest gardens with cool, moist shade. Many new cultivars developed in recent years that bloom earlier and longer. The English introduction, Winter Sunshine (Helleborus × ericsmithii Winter Sunshine) and the Terra Nova introduction Cotton Candy (Helleborus × hybridus Cotton Candy, Winter Jewels™ Series) are just two great selections from which to choose. Some of the newer hellebores that I planted are even beginning to bloom in my early December garden.

Hellebores like soil with plenty of humus material, and the addition of Black Gold Garden Compost Blend at planting time is ideal. Local garden centers are now stocking potted hellebores in bud and bloom, and they make ideal host/hostess gifts. They can be left inside for 7-10 days and then hardened off on a cold porch to be planted outdoors, either in the ground or in a container. In a container, use Black Gold Natural & Organic Potting Mix and the evergreen plants will provide both winter and spring interest for years to come.

Abies 'Silberlocke'
Abies koreana ‘Silberlocke’

I hear from many listeners on my In the Garden with Mike Darcy radio program on KXL Portland and often receive photos of some of their favorite winter plants. The ones that I have mentioned are just a sampling.

With this year ending, I wish you all a very happy New Year! May we continue to share the enjoyment that our gardens provide us. And, may you find some new plants for your garden. There’s always room for one more!

Smart Tips for Growing African Violets

African violets are popular for their colorful, ever-blooming flowers and compact size. (Image by Jessie Keith)

I once heard someone say that the African violet was “America’s Favorite Houseplant”.  While I do not know if this is true, it has certainly been a house plant staple for years.  The compact pretty plants bloom throughout the year with flowers that come in a multitude of colors. They are very specific and needy when it comes to care. The wrong soil, humidity, watering regime, and temperature can keep plants from blooming or even kill them, but get them right and you are in for a year-round floral show.

BG African VioletAs the name denotes, African violets, (Saintpaulia ionantha hybrids) originate from Africa. They were discovered in the late 1800s (in an area that is now Tanzania) growing naturally on shaded rocky ledges in the Usambara mountains. The original flower color on the plants was blue. It is believed that the first commercial production of plants occurred in 1893 in Germany. Seeds were imported into California from Germany and England in 1926. And now African violets are among the most popular house plants in the United States.

Just like outdoor plants, proper soil is essential for plants to grow and be healthy.   African violets seem to do best in a planting soil that has been created for them.  Plants need enough water to keep the soil moist but not soggy and Black Gold African Violet Potting Soil fulfills this requirement.  The blend of Canadian Sphagnum peat moss, compost, perlite/pumice, and earthworm casting is ideal.

The air temperature around African violets is important. It should be close to 70 degrees F.  Good air circulation is another important factor; if there is not adequate air movement, powdery mildew and rot may develop.

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Bright light is needed for plants to flower well. (Image by Jessie Keith)

Bright but indirect light is essential for African violets, so choose a spot near a window that’s out of the direct sun.  The right light inspires overall good plant health and flowering. If an African violet does not get enough light, it will stop flowering and the leaf stems may elongate and leaves turn yellow. Keep a lookout for these symptoms. The plant will ‘tell’ you if it is not getting enough light.

Many plants like having their leaves sprayed with water, but the African violet is an exception.  Large water droplets on the leaves will often cause brown spots and ugly mottling.  Growers keep their potted plants in a saucer or on wicking mats, so plants can be watered from the bottom of the rather than the top.

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Flower colors range from deepest purple to bright pink and white. (Image by Jessie Keith)

African Violets are very easy to start from leaf cuttings and this can be a fun exercise for children.  It is also a good way to get new colors and varieties by exchanging leaves with other growers.  Begin by cutting a healthy leaf and placing the stem in a container of moist vermiculite, such as Black Gold Vermiculite.  Roots will usually begin to form in about thirty days. After another 30-60 days, the stem can be placed in a small pot of Black Gold African Violet Soil. Leaves will begin to develop from the leaf base over the following month.

It would be difficult to think of another house plant that will provide the continuous blooms and variety of colors as an African violet.  Most garden centers with a house plant section will have an area devoted to African violets. Check to see if your city has an African Violet Society. Attending a meeting is an excellent way to meet others with a similar interest.  There are also African Violet Shows where members sell plants and rooted cuttings, which provides a way to increase your collection.